The consistency of battery cells directly influences the maximum available energy and the efficiency of the battery pack, and the energy utilization efficiency (EUE) is a key parameter for the balancing of batteries. There. ••A Copula-based lithium-ion battery pack consistency modeling. In recent years, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as energy storage elements in energy storage systems (ESSs) and electric vehicles (EVs), because of their. 2.1. Definition of CopulaThe Copula is defined as the joint cumulative distribution function of standard uniform random variables, and is used to describe the dep. 3.1. Theoretical analysisDenote Qi Ri, and SOCstart,i as the battery capacity, internal resistance, and SOC of the ith battery cell in the battery pack consistency mod. 4.1. Battery pack and battery cell testTo verify the proposed battery pack consistency modeling method and its application on a battery pack EUE estimation, a retir. 5.1. Copula-based battery pack consistency modelFig. 5 shows the histograms of the battery capacity, internal resistance, and SOC of the battery cells.
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