We are thereby entering the convergence era of energy storage, where multi- modal, integrated, and circular energy storage frameworks will define energy security, resilience, and sustainability. As the world moves towards renewable electricity systems and diversified energy vectors, no single storage technology can meet the diverse operational, economic, and environmental demands of the future. IPPs and utilities face the dual pressure of integrating large volumes of renewable energy. Energy storage is expected to play an increasingly important role in the evolution of the power grid particularly to accommodate increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources and to improve electrical power system (EPS) performance. These systems integrate computing, storage, and networking capabilities, facilitating seamless interactions among. Energy storage systems allow electricity to be stored—and then discharged—at the most strategic times. Today, Lithium-ion batteries, the same batteries that are used in cell phones and electric vehicles, are the most commonly used type of energy storage.